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The Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 ((スペイン語:Constitución Federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos de 1857)) was a liberal constitution drafted by 1857 Constituent Congress of Mexico during the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort. It was ratified on February 5, 1857, establishing individual rights such as freedom of speech; freedom of conscience; freedom of the press; freedom of assembly; and the right to bear arms. It also reaffirmed the abolition of slavery, eliminated debtor prison, and eliminated all forms of cruel and unusual punishment, including the death penalty. Some articles were contrary to the interests of the Catholic Church, such as education free of dogma, the removal of institutional ''fueros'' (privileges) and the sale of property belonging to the church. The Conservative Party strongly opposed the enactment of the new constitution and this polarized Mexican society. The Reform War began as a result, and the struggles between liberals and conservatives were intensified with the implementation of the Second Mexican Empire under the support of the church.〔Martin Quirarte. "Visión panorámica de la historia de México". Librería Porrúa Hnos y Cia, S. A. 27a. edición 1995. México, D. F. Pág. 170-171.〕 Years later, with the restored republic, the Constitution was in force throughout the country until 1917. == Background == Having overthrown the dictatorship of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna on 1855, Juan Nepomuceno Álvarez Hurtado held the presidency for a short period. According to the established in Plan of Ayutla convened the Constituent Congress on October 16 the same year, in order to establish headquarters in Dolores Hidalgo to draft a new constitution of liberal ideology. The following year the incumbent president, Ignacio Comonfort, endorsed the call for moving the headquarters to Mexico City.〔Tena Ramírez, Felipe ''Op.cit.'' capítulo "La Constitución de 1857"〕 The Congress was divided between two main factions. The larger being the ''moderate liberals,'' whose plan was to restore the Constitution of 1824 with some changes. This faction included prominent figures like Mariano Arizcorreta, Marcelino Castañeda, Joaquín Cardoso and Pedro Escudero y Echánove. Their opposition were the ''pure liberals,''〔Reyes Heroles, Jesús ''Op.cit.'' p.200 : "On December 14, 1838 a popular movement emerged in Mexico City that invades the National Palace acting against the constituted authorities and according to Bocanegra, under the slogan of ''¡We want tailless Constitution and pure Federation!''. From this comes, by the same author, the title of ''pure'' which met the radical sector of the Mexican liberals (according to the book in 1858, was popular advises that ''pure'' going forward, the ''moderate'' did not move and ''conservative'' went backward)".〕 who wanted to make a complete new version of the constitution. Among them were Ponciano Arriaga, Guillermo Prieto, Francisco Zarco, José María Mata and Santos Degollado. The discussions were heated and lasted over a year.〔 The president Comonfort had interference through its ministers in favor of the moderate faction, since this was the ideology with which he sympathized. Despite opposition from the executive branch and to be minority, ''pure'' ensured that their proposals were included. The liberal reforms more discussed were: The prohibition of purchase of property by ecclesiastical corporations, the exclusion of the clergy in public office, the abolition of ecclesiastical and military ''fueros'' (Juárez Law), and freedom of religion. These reforms were contrary to the interests of the Catholic Church. During the course of sessions in Congress, an insurrection in favor of the clergy supported by ''conservative'' —staunchest opponents of the Liberals— gathered force in Zacapoaxtla and Puebla. President Comonfort sent federal troops and the rebels were subjected.〔Valadés, Diego; Carbonell, Miguel ''Op.cit.'' "Fernado Zertuche Muñoz" p.865-867〕 Finally, the Constitution was promulgated on February 5, 1857, under the threats of the Clergy that who swore the Constitution would be excommunicated. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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